What is a 'Covenant Restriction'? A must-read for owning a dog or starting a company.

"Finally got on the property!" Ah Ming excitedly signed the provisional agreement, ready to move into his new home. He planned to run client work from his home studio and keep a Golden Retriever as a companion. Unexpectedly, a week before getting the keys, the lawyer suddenly called: 'The deed of your purchased unit states "No pets allowed" and "No commercial use allowed." Are you sure you want to proceed with the transaction?' Ah Ming was stunned on the spot—turns out buying a property isn't just about the price and mortgage; there's also a document called the 'deed' that can affect your lifestyle after moving in.

According to data from the Estate Agents Authority of Hong Kong, about 15-20% of buyers discover deed restrictions only after taking possession, leading to disputes or even having to resell and exit. Whether you are a first-time homebuyer or a self-employed person planning to run a business from home, understanding 'deed restrictions' is a must before buying property. This time, we will take an in-depth look at this 'hidden contract' and teach you how to avoid common pitfalls.

What is a Deed of Mutual Covenant? Why It Is More Important Than You Think

The Legal Definition and Effect of a Deed

A Deed of Mutual Covenant (DMC) is a legally binding document drawn up by the developer upon the completion of a property, regulating the management, use, and responsibilities of owners within the entire estate or building. Its effect is equivalent to a contract, and once you become an owner, you are automatically bound by the terms of the DMC—even if you have never read its contents.

:::tip Expert tips A deed is not a 'reference document,' but a legal document that is 'enforceable.' If you violate the terms of the deed, the management company or other owners have the right to claim compensation from you, and may even apply for an injunction. :::

Differences Between Deeds and Building Deeds

• Estate Deed: Applicable to the entire estate (such as Taikoo Shing, Mei Foo Sun Chuen), covering the rules for the use of public facilities such as clubhouses, swimming pools, and car parks.
• Deed of Mutual Covenant for a Single Building: Applies only to a single building, with relatively simple terms, but it is equally binding.

Regardless of the type, the deed will specify 'things that must not be done' (prohibitive clauses) and 'things that must be done' (mandatory clauses), such as the payment of management fees, renovation schedules, and garbage disposal.

Why You Must Review the Deed Before Buying Property

The Hong Kong property market is highly competitive. Many buyers, in order to grab a bargain, only focus on comparing property prices and mortgage rates when signing a preliminary agreement, neglecting the details of the deed of mutual covenant. However, the restrictions in the deed may directly affect your quality of life:

• Keeping pets: Some housing estates explicitly prohibit keeping cats and dogs, and violators may be fined or required to remove their pets.
• Working from home: If the deed specifies 'residential use only,' running a company, receiving clients, or operating an online store at home may all be violations.
• Renovation Restrictions: Some building contracts specify renovation hours (e.g., only on weekdays from 9am to 6pm), or prohibit the demolition of certain walls.

:::warning Common Misconceptions "I’m buying a second-hand apartment, so the deed restrictions shouldn’t apply, right?" — Wrong! The deed restrictions remain effective indefinitely; whether you are a first-hand or second-hand buyer, you must comply with them. :::

A Step-by-Step Breakdown of Common Restriction Clauses in Deeds

Pet Ownership Restrictions: Must Read Before Getting a Dog

About 30-40% of private housing estates in Hong Kong have "no pet keeping" clauses in their deed of mutual covenant, especially properties from the 1990s or earlier. Common restrictions include:

1. Completely Prohibited: No pets (including cats, dogs, rabbits, birds) are allowed to be kept.
2. Partial Restrictions: Only small pets are allowed (such as dogs weighing less than 10 kilograms), or prior application to the management office is required.
3. No explicit regulation: The deed does not mention pets, but the management office may establish a separate "Building Rules" as a supplement.

:::highlight Insider Tip Even if the deed does not explicitly forbid keeping pets, you still need to pay attention to the 'House Rules.' Some management companies may include pet restrictions in the rules; although the legal effect is weaker, it can still lead to neighborhood disputes. :::

Practical Advice:

• Before buying a property, request a copy of the deed from the real estate agent and search for the keywords 'pet', 'animal', or 'pets'.
• If the deed is unclear, you can call the management office for inquiries and request written confirmation.
• Some housing estates have 'pet-friendly floors,' where these units can be given priority consideration.

Business Use Restrictions: Be Careful When Running a Company at Home

With the rise of Home Office culture after the pandemic, many people want to run online shops, offer services, or open studios at home. However, if the lease specifies 'Residential Use Only', the following activities may be in breach.

• Entertain clients within the workplace (such as tutoring, beauty, massage services)
• Register the address as the company registration address
• Storing a large quantity of goods or carrying out packaging operations within the unit

:::warning Risk Warning If you violate the restrictions on commercial use, the management company may issue you a warning letter or even file in court to apply for an injunction. If other owners complain, you may have to compensate for losses or be forced to move out. :::

Expert Opinion: Law firms generally advise that if you plan to work from home, you should choose a unit where the deed of mutual covenant does not explicitly prohibit commercial use, or apply for an exemption from the management office in advance. Some mixed commercial-residential buildings (such as residential units converted from industrial buildings in Kwun Tong or Tsuen Wan) are more lenient regarding commercial use and are suitable for self-employed individuals.

Renovation and Remodeling Restrictions: Things You Must Know Before Demolishing Walls

The deed of co-ownership usually regulates renovation periods, noise control, and structural alterations. Common clauses include:

• Renovation period: Can only take place on weekdays from 9am to 6pm; prohibited on weekends and public holidays.
• Do not remove load-bearing walls: Any changes involving structural safety must first be approved by the Buildings Department.
• Changes to the exterior wall: Do not replace window frames, install air conditioner brackets, or change the color of the exterior wall without permission.

:::success Practical tips Before renovation, first submit a 'Renovation Application Form' to the management office, specifying the scope of the work and the schedule. Some housing estates require a deposit (usually $5,000-$20,000), which will be refunded after completion if no damages are found upon inspection. :::

How to Check a Deed? Practical Step-by-Step Tutorial

Step One: Request a Copy of the Deed from the Real Estate Agent

When buying a property, the real estate agent has the responsibility to provide you with a copy of the deed (or at least provide a way to access it). You can request the agent to:

1. Provide the deed PDF file (usually 50-200 pages).
2. Highlight key terms (such as pets, commercial use, renovation restrictions)
3. Explain the actual implementation of ambiguous provisions

:::tip Expert Tips Do not rely solely on the agent's verbal explanations; be sure to read the original deed yourself. Some agents, in order to facilitate the transaction, may downplay the seriousness of restrictive clauses. :::

Step 2: Check at the Land Registry

If the real estate agent cannot provide the deed, you can personally go to the Land Registry to check the records:

1. Go to the Admiralty Government Offices or the online search centre (www.landreg.gov.hk).
2. Enter the property address or lot number
3. Download the 'Deed of Mutual Covenant' document
4. The cost is about $10-$50 (depends on the number of pages).

Step 3: Consult a Lawyer

The terms of the deed are usually written in legal language, which is difficult for ordinary people to fully understand. It is recommended that before signing a formal sales contract, the deed should be given to a lawyer representing you for review, focusing on:

• Whether there are clauses of 'No Pets Allowed' or 'Residential Use Only'
• Calculation method of management fees and maintenance fund
• The allocation of voting rights in the owners' general meeting (especially in large housing estates)

:::highlight Insider Tip Lawyer fees usually already include the service of reviewing the deed, and no additional payment is required. If the lawyer discovers significant restrictions, you can cancel the provisional agreement within the "cooling-off period" (but the deposit must be compensated). :::

Consequences of Violating the Covenants and Real-Life Cases

Case 1: Fined $50,000 for Owning a Dog

Ms. Cheung bought a two-bedroom unit in Taikoo Shing and adopted a Shiba Inu after moving in. Three months later, the management office discovered that she had violated the deed of mutual covenant's clause prohibiting pets and sent a lawyer's letter demanding that she remove the pet within 14 days, otherwise she would be fined $500 per day. Ms. Cheung ultimately paid a $50,000 settlement fee and sent the dog back to her hometown.

Lesson: Even if neighbors do not complain, the management company still has the right to enforce the terms of the deed.

Case 2: Being Prohibited from Running a Tutoring Center at Home

Mr. Chan opened a tutorial center in a unit of a housing estate in Tseung Kwan O, with 10-15 students coming and going every day. Neighbors complained about noise and excessive foot traffic, and the management company filed a court application for an injunction. The court ruled that Mr. Chan had violated the 'residential-only use' clause, ordering him to cease business activities and to compensate the management company $80,000 for legal fees.

Lesson: Keep a low profile when working from home to avoid drawing your neighbors' attention. If you need to receive clients, it's best to choose a commercial-residential mixed building.

Case 3: Fined for Renovation Overtime

Mrs. Li is renovating her new home in City One, Sha Tin. Due to the rush to meet the construction schedule, she carried out wall-drilling work on a Sunday. According to the provisions of the deed of mutual covenant, the management office issued her a $10,000 fine notice. Mrs. Li appealed against it, but the court upheld the original judgment and required her to pay the management company's litigation costs.

Lesson: Before renovating, be sure to understand the time restrictions stipulated in the building covenant to avoid losing more than you gain over minor matters.

Summary: Checklist of Building Deed Inspections to Do Before Buying Property

Deed restrictions may seem tedious, but as long as you do your homework, you can avoid troubles after moving in. Here is a checklist of things to do before buying a property:

✅ Request a copy of the deed from the real estate agent, focusing on checking clauses regarding pets, commercial use, and renovation restrictions ✅ Personally go to the Land Registry to check records to ensure the information is accurate and correct ✅ Consult a representative lawyer for advice to interpret the actual implementation of ambiguous provisions ✅ Call the management office for inquiries to understand the building regulations and past enforcement cases ✅ Inspect the estate environment on-site, and observe whether other owners have pets or work from home

Remember, buying a property is a major life event, so never overlook the details of the deed due to being tempted by a low price or being impatient. Spending a little more time doing your homework can help you avoid legal disputes and financial losses in the future. The Hong Kong property market is highly competitive, but as long as you master this "insider knowledge," you can navigate the path of property ownership more securely.

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Remember: Do your homework before buying a property, so you can live in peace after moving in!